Óïðîäîâæ îñòàííüîãî äåñÿòèë³òòÿ â åíåðãåòè÷íîìó ñåêòîð³ Óêðà¿íè òà ñâ³òó ñïîñòåð³ãàºòüñÿ ñòð³ìêå çðîñòàííÿ âñòàíîâëåíèõ ïîòóæíîñòåé â³äíîâëþâàíèõ äæåðåë åíåð㳿 (ÂÄÅ), çîêðåìà ôîòîåëåêòðè÷íèõ (ÔÅÑ) òà â³òðîâèõ åëåêòðîñòàíö³é. Âèñîêèé ð³âåíü ïðîíèêíåííÿ ðîçîñåðåäæåíî¿ ãåíåðàö³¿ ñòâîðþº íîâ³ âèêëèêè äëÿ åêñïëóàòàö³¿ ðîçïîä³ëüíèõ åëåêòðè÷íèõ ìåðåæ, ùî ïîâ'ÿçàí³ ç³ çðîñòàííÿì â³äõèëåíü íàïðóãè òà ïîÿâîþ çâîðîòíèõ ïåðåòîê³â ïîòóæíîñò³ [1].
Ó ïåð³îäè ìàêñèìàëüíîãî ãåíåðóâàííÿ ñîíÿ÷íèõ åëåêòðîñòàíö³é òà ì³í³ìàëüíîãî íàâàíòàæåííÿ ñïîæèâà÷³â íàïðóãà ó âóçëàõ ìåðåæ³ ìîæå ïåðåâèùóâàòè äîïóñòèìå çíà÷åííÿ (1,1 â.î.), ùî ïðèçâîäèòü äî ïîã³ðøåííÿ ÿêîñò³ åëåêòðîåíåð㳿 [2] òà íåîáõ³äíîñò³ ïðèìóñîâîãî îáìåæåííÿ ãåíåðàö³¿ ÂÄÅ. Îäíèì ³ç êëþ÷îâèõ ³íñòðóìåíò³â ï³äâèùåííÿ ãíó÷êîñò³ àêòèâíèõ ðîçïîä³ëüíèõ ìåðåæ º âèêîðèñòàííÿ óñòàíîâîê çáåð³ãàííÿ åíåð㳿 (ÓÇÅ), ³íâåðòîðè ÿêèõ çäàòí³ çàáåçïå÷óâàòè øâèäêå ðåãóëþâàííÿ ÿê àêòèâíî¿, òàê ³ ðåàêòèâíî¿ ïîòóæíîñò³ äëÿ ëîêàëüíî¿ ï³äòðèìêè íàïðóãè [3].
Àíàë³ç ³ñíóþ÷èõ ìåòîä³â êåðóâàííÿ ïîêàçàâ, ùî á³ëüø³ñòü ç íèõ âèêîðèñòîâóþòü ô³êñîâàíèé ðåçåðâ ðåàêòèâíî¿ ïîòóæíîñò³ àáî çä³éñíþþòü êåðóâàííÿ ëèøå íà îñíîâ³ ïîòî÷íîãî â³äõèëåííÿ íàïðóãè, íå âðàõîâóþ÷è ðåæèìè ðîáîòè ìåðåæ³.
Ìåòîþ äàíî¿ ðîáîòè º ðîçðîáêà òà äîñë³äæåííÿ àëãîðèòìó ðåçåðâóâàííÿ ðåàêòèâíî¿ ïîòóæíîñò³ ÓÇÅ, ÿêà ïîºäíóº àíàë³ç ðåæèìó ðîáîòè ìåðåæ³ òà êîíòðîëü ð³âíÿ íàïðóãè ó âóçë³ ïðèºäíàííÿ äëÿ ôîðìóâàííÿ äîñòóïíîãî ðåçåðâó ïîòóæíîñò³ ³íâåðòîðà.
Äîñòóïíèé ðåçåðâ ðåàêòèâíî¿ ïîòóæíîñò³ (Qóçå) âèçíà÷àºòüñÿ íîì³íàëüíîþ ïîâíîþ ïîòóæí³ñòþ ³íâåðòîðà òà ïîòî÷íîþ àêòèâíîþ ïîòóæí³ñòþ çà â³äîìèì ñï³ââ³äíîøåííÿì:
Äëÿ ïåðåâ³ðêè åôåêòèâíîñò³ çàïðîïîíîâàíîãî ï³äõîäó áóëî ïðîâåäåíî êîìï'þòåðíå ìîäåëþâàííÿ ó ïðîãðàìíîìó êîìïëåêñ³ DIgSILENT PowerFactory íà áàç³ ìîäèô³êîâàíî¿ 14-âóçëîâî¿ ìåðåæ³ ñòàíäàðòó IEEE (íàïðóãîþ 110/35 êÂ).
Äîñë³äæåííÿ ïðîâîäèëîñü äëÿ äâîõ ðåæèì³â:
1. ÓÇÅ ïðàöþº ëèøå â ðåæèì³ ãåíåðàö³¿/ñïîæèâàííÿ àêòèâíî¿ ïîòóæíîñò³.
2. Çàïðîïîíîâàíèé ï³äõ³ä ç ðåçåðâóâàííÿ ðåàêòèâíî¿ ïîòóæíîñò³ .
Òàáëèöÿ 1. Ïîð³âíÿííÿ ðåçóëüòàò³â ìîäåëþâàííÿ
ßê âèäíî ç ðåçóëüòàò³â (òàáëèöÿ 1), ó ïåðøîìó ðåæèì³ íàïðóãà ó êðèòè÷íîìó âóçë³ âèõîäèëà çà äîïóñòèì³ ìåæ³ (ïåðåâèùóâàëà 1,1 â.î.) ó ãîäèíè ìàêñèìàëüíî¿ ñîíÿ÷íî¿ ãåíåðàö³¿, îñê³ëüêè ÓÇÅ íå âèêîíóâàëà ï³äòðèìêó ïî ðåàêòèâí³é ïîòóæíîñò³.
Çàñòîñóâàííÿ çàïðîïîíîâàíîãî àëãîðèòìó (Ðåæèì 2) äîçâîëèëî çá³ëüøèòè äîñòóïíó ðåàêòèâíó ïîòóæí³ñòü äî 2,5 ÌÂàð ñàìå ó êðèòè÷í³ ãîäèíè. Çàâäÿêè öüîìó âäàëîñÿ çíèçèòè ìàêñèìàëüíèé ð³âåíü íàïðóãè ç 1,15 â.î. äî áåçïå÷íèõ 1,08 â.î., ïîâí³ñòþ óñóíóâøè ïîðóøåííÿ íîðìàòèâíèõ ìåæ íàïðóãè.
Âèñíîâêè. Âïðîâàäæåííÿ âèñîêî¿ ÷àñòêè â³äíîâëþâàíèõ äæåðåë åíåð㳿 ó ðîçïîä³ëüí³ ìåðåæ³ ïðèçâîäèòü äî êðèòè÷íèõ ïåðåíàïðóã ó ãîäèíè ì³í³ìàëüíîãî íàâàíòàæåííÿ. Çàïðîïîíîâàíèé àëãîðèòì ðåçåðâóâàííÿ ðåàêòèâíî¿ ïîòóæíîñò³ ÓÇÅ äîçâîëÿº åôåêòèâíî âèêîðèñòîâóâàòè ðåñóðñ ³íâåðòîðà. Çàâäÿêè çì³í³ ïð³îðèòåò³â ì³æ àêòèâíîþ òà ðåàêòèâíîþ ñêëàäîâèìè çàëåæíî â³ä ðåæèìó ðîáîòè ìåðåæ³, àëãîðèòì çàáåçïå÷óº íàä³éíó ï³äòðèìêó íàïðóãè â äîïóñòèìèõ ìåæàõ, óñóâàþ÷è íåîáõ³äí³ñòü îáìåæåííÿ ãåíåðàö³¿ ÔÅÑ òà âñòàíîâëåííÿ äîäàòêîâèõ ïðèñòðî¿â êîìïåíñàö³¿ ðåàêòèâíî¿ ïîòóæíîñò³.
Ñïèñîê ë³òåðàòóðè:
1. Sanin-Villa D., Grisales-Noreña L. F., Montoya O. D. Coordinated Active–Reactive Power Scheduling of Battery Energy Storage in AC Microgrids for Reducing Energy Losses and Carbon Emissions // Sci. – 2025. – Vol. 7, Iss. 147. – P. 1–23. – DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/sci7040147.
2. Ghazavi Dozein M., Gomis-Bellmunt O., Mancarella P. Simultaneous Provision of Dynamic Active and Reactive Power Response From Utility-Scale Battery Energy Storage Systems in Weak Grids // IEEE Transactions on Power Systems. – 2021. – Vol. 36, No. 6. – P. 1–10.
3. Reihani E., Sepasi S., Roose L. R., Matsuura M. Energy management at the distribution grid using a Battery Energy Storage System (BESS) // Electrical Power and Energy Systems. – 2016. – Vol. 77. – P. 337–344. – DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijepes.2015.11.035.
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