Unmanned aerial, ground, and maritime drones are widely used globally, including in China [1]. Currently, the primary bottleneck for all types of unmanned vehicles is their limited power capability [2]. This problem is most acute for unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), where the mass of the design is a primary indicator [3]. In UAV design, the largest components are batteries and secondary power supplies (SPs). The use of parametric generators will enable efficient energy conversion from the primary power source, creating a compact and powerful secondary power source. This, in turn, will allow for the use of a smaller battery and increase the UAV's flight range.
The first studies of parametric resonance in electric circuits were carried out almost one hundred and fifty years ago in the USSR under the direction of Academicians Maldeshtam and Papaleksi (Mandelstam, L.I.; and N.D. Papaleksi, “On the parametric excitation of electric oscillations,” Zhurnal Tekniche skoy Fiziki, 4(1), 1934, p. 5-29). Even at that time, the fundamentals of the theory of parametric oscillations in electrical systems were being developed, and the first prototypes of such generators were produced. Later, the first publications on the use of parametric voltage regulation in SPs appeared: US patent 3654546 (1972), French patent 2X34457 (1973), USSR patent 656040 (1979). Currently, a parametric converter is defined as a device that converts energy from one form to another by altering parameters, and it is widely utilized in various fields, including electronics, mechanical engineering, aerospace, and the energy industry.
Resonance is generally regarded as a harmful and destructive phenomenon; however, there has been a growing number of devices that successfully utilize this effect. Resonance is used in optics [5], optical electronics [6], microwave electronics [7], quantum electronics [8], power engineering [9], biomedicine [10], and other fields.
The basic principle of operation of a parametric transducer is based on the phenomenon of parametric resonance, where a system has two or more parameters that are in certain ratios with each other. In this case generation and amplification of new signals in the system is possible. Parametric transducers can be realized using various devices such as crystals, semiconductors, mechanical, and optical elements.
The paper [11] analyzes the possibility of converting sea wave energy into electrical energy for an unmanned surface vehicle, which could become a more mobile vehicle as a result. The methodology proposed in this paper provides guidelines for technicians to optimally design wave energy converters.
In [12] an innovative design of a liquid-solid coupled vibratory energy harvesting system is proposed, which includes a downstream water wheel driven by the flow field, which in turn drives gears and coupling rods to rotate the magnetized wheel to generate electricity by changing the magnetic field. Here a simple experiment is presented to test the feasibility of the theoretical model and demonstrate, that the repulsive force of the magnet significantly increases the benefits of the system for power generation. Regardless of where the energy concentrator is located in the curved or flat region (straight part) of the nonlinear beam, the addition of magnets to the system significantly increases the voltage generation efficiency by more than 190% compared to systems without magnets.
Thus, based on the above, the following conclusions can be drawn:
- there already exists a whole class of fuel-free electromechanical generating units, the principles of operation of which are not suitable for use for powering unmanned aviation due to the presence of only air as a medium of motion and due to the bulky nature of electromechanical systems;
- parametric resonance in an electric oscillating circuit, where there are no moving mechanical systems and no dependence on the medium of motion, should be considered as promising for power supply of unmanned aviation.
It is known, that in addition to the traditional method of generation and transformation of electrical energy there is a method in which electrical oscillations of significant power are generated in an oscillating circuit without supplying electrical energy to the circuit. This method consists of the following.
Realization of this method of energy generation is possible in several ways: electrostatic method, electromagnetic method, etc.
A variant of the electrostatic method, for example, is set forth in patent RU2656975C1 (07.06.2017) in the form of a resonant power amplifier. Here the technical result is to increase the gain and reduce the dependence of the converter parameters on the magnitude of the load. The overall gain of such an amplifier is 6-9.
A variant of the electromagnetic method, for example, is set forth in patent RU2622844C1 (18.02.2016) in the form of a resonant parametric generator. Here the parameters of the resonant circuit are changed by changing the energy of the electromagnetic field of the inductance coils of the resonant circuit, differing in that solar cells are installed between the inductance coils. The disadvantage of this design is also its bulky nature (several solar cells and several resonant circuits in the form of separate inductance coils).
The technology of efficient energy conversion of the UAV battery is as follows. One of the most economical ways of excitation of parametric resonance is the switching method. The switching method of excitation of electrical oscillations makes it possible to obtain a jump-like character of change in the inductance or capacitance of the oscillating circuit, a high depth of modulation of the parameters and to provide conditionally constant energy consumption for changing the parameters, which do not depend on the amplitude values of current and voltage in the circuit. Switching consists in the fact that an additional inductive coil or capacitor with a certain nominal value of inductance or capacitance in relation to similar elements of the main circuit is connected in parallel to the oscillating circuit at certain moments of time in a predetermined mode using, for example, thyristors. This makes it possible to change the circuit parameters (inductance, capacitance, oscillation frequency, wave impedance) during each oscillation in accordance with the algorithm of changing the control voltage supplied to the thyristors from a separate pulse generator and thereby achieve parametric resonance without functional connection of current and voltage amplitudes in the circuit with the value of the control voltage. Such switching can provide the possibility of oscillation of the circuit in two frequency modes: at the main resonant frequency ω_0 and parametric frequencies 〖2ω〗_0 or 0,5ω_0. These frequencies are the resonant frequencies for both modes of the circuit at which the equality of wave, inductive and capacitive resistances is ensured. Thus, the first condition of parametric resonance is provided - multiplicity of the parametric frequency with respect to the basic frequency of the circuit. An additional capacitor or inductive coil is connected at the moment when the maximum current value is reached in the circuit, and it is disconnected at zero current value. The voltage in the circuit at these moments has respectively zero or maximum value. By varying the parameters, part of the oscillation period of the loop operates at the fundamental frequency and part at the parametric frequency. The resulting oscillation is the addition of the above two oscillations. Thus, the essence of the switching method of obtaining parametric resonance is reduced to the fact, that by periodic changes of parameters the contour and the field are constantly removed from the position of energy and force equilibrium with subsequent restoration of this equilibrium, which is accompanied by changes in perturbations and redistribution of associated energies between the contour and the field. The stationary amplitude of parametric oscillations is provided by stabilitrons with shunt resistors connected in parallel to the circuit, which, passing through themselves a part of the charge involved in the process of oscillation and dissipating excessive reactive power, thus limiting the amplitudes of voltage and current within the limits necessary for the performance of the circuit. The functioning of the pulse generator is carried out at the expense of a portion of the device's output power, which enables the device to operate independently as a power source.
The proposed energy conversion technology for unmanned vehicles can be extended to more energy-intensive devices, but other conversion methods and circuitry solutions may need to be applied in different application areas.
References
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